What is Open Banking?

Daniel Kjellén and Fredrik Hedberg didn't set out to build infrastructure. Tink started in Stockholm in 2012 as a consumer personal finance app — an attempt to give Swedish bank customers a cleaner view of their money across multiple accounts. It was a reasonable idea that ran into an unreasonable obstacle: getting reliable, consistent data out of European banks was extraordinarily hard. The technical problem turned out to be more interesting than the consumer product. In 2018 they pivoted, shifted focus entirely to the B2B layer, and started selling the very infrastructure they'd been forced to build for themselves. That pivot proved prescient. The EU's PSD2 directive, which came into full effect in 2019, legally required banks to open their data to authorised third parties — creating the regulatory foundation that open banking platforms needed to operate at scale. Tink had spent years building exactly those bank connections. When the regulation arrived, the company was ready. The platform Kjellén and Hedberg built connects to more than 3,400 banks and financial institutions across Europe, reaching over 250 million bank customers. Through a single API integration, banks, fintechs, and merchants can access aggregated account data, initiate payments directly from customer bank accounts, verify account ownership, and enrich transaction data — without maintaining their own connections to hundreds of separate banking systems with different technical standards and update schedules. Clients include Klarna, PayPal, NatWest, ABN AMRO, and BNP Paribas Fortis. In March 2022, Visa completed the acquisition of Tink for €1.8 billion — one of the largest European fintech acquisitions of that year, and a clear signal of how seriously the global payments industry had come to take open banking infrastructure. Visa's strategic rationale was straightforward: it had failed to acquire Plaid, the US equivalent, after an antitrust challenge, and needed a European open banking capability. Tink gave it 500 employees, 18 European markets, and relationships with over 300 banks and fintechs built over a decade. The founders stayed on as CEO and CTO through the transition, continuing to run Tink as a standalone Visa subsidiary from Stockholm. Both departed in 2025 — Kjellén and Hedberg announced they were building Freda, a new AI-driven legal and compliance technology startup, with the pair describing Tink as "now in better hands than ever." Francois Tornier, Visa's VP of Open Banking, took over as CEO. The product roadmap has continued under Visa ownership, including a 2024 expansion of Tink's open banking platform into the US market.

Cake helps consumers understand spending and earn rewards through bank-connected insights.

Kontomatik provides open banking data and credit decisioning tools.

Abound uses open banking data to make consumer lending decisions more personal.

Nexi is Italy's largest payment services operator, controlling the infrastructure that moves money across the country's retail and corporate sectors. Founded in 2013 through a merger of two major Italian payment processors, it manages card transactions, merchant acquiring, and digital payment rails for banks, retailers, and businesses across Europe. The company operates across the full payments stack—from traditional POS terminals and card networks to modern API-based solutions and instant payment systems. Unlike most fintech startups, Nexi doesn't target consumers directly. Instead, it powers the payment backbone for Italian and European financial institutions and retailers, processing tens of billions in transactions annually. Its business model sits at the intersection of traditional payment infrastructure and modern open banking, positioning it as a critical node in Europe's shift toward real-time payments and embedded finance. Nexi's role is unglamorous but essential: it's the plumbing that makes modern commerce work, handling everything from contactless cards to mobile wallets to cross-border transfers. In the broader European fintech landscape, it represents the "boring" but profitable core—the infrastructure layer that fintechs themselves depend on to function.

Token.io provides account-to-account payment infrastructure for open banking use cases.